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111.
Ricardo A. Godoy 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》1984,12(4):359-383
Andean cultural ecologists have made two claims in recent years: ecological decomposition is absent due to effective indigenous management of communal resources, and agricultural intensification is inversely related to altitude. Drawing on material from the Jukumani Indians of Northern Potosi, Bolivia, these assertions are challenged. First, there is little evidence to prove or disprove ecological degradation. Second, the location of agricultural intensification, as the Jukumani data suggests, is influenced by altitude as well as by the presence of market.Fieldwork in Bolivia was carried out between January 1979 and May 1981. This essay was originally presented at a conference entitled, How Communities Resolve Common Property Problems, sponsored by the Harvard Institute for International Development and the Center for Population Studies of Harvard University in the spring semester of 1983. 相似文献
112.
The seed coat morphology, investigated in taxa representative of the main European groups ofAconitum, are in good agreement with the current taxonomy of the genus. The seed coat microcharacteristics (warty epidermal cells) are very constant. There is a trend for the reduction of longitudinal wings on the edges concomitant with the development of ridges and transverse wings on the faces. Another morphological progression leads from smooth to rugulose and eventually to transverse wing-bearing seed faces. A working hypothesis suggests an ecological adaptative significance to these changes. 相似文献
113.
W. A. RODGERS K. M. HOMEWOOD 《Biological journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》1982,18(3):197-242
The East Usambara Mountain forests constitute what is probably one of the richest biological communities in Africa in terms of plant and animal species numbers and endemic taxa. This review presents brief accounts of the flora and of three invertebrate and four vertebrate groups and shows the percentage endemic taxa to vary from 2% (mammals) to 95% (millipedes) as a proportion of the true forest species. Notes are given on the geology, soils, climate and present land use of the Usambaras. Biological richness is considered to be due to long periods of isolation and geological stability coupled with periods of species immigration during times of re-establishment of a continuous forest cover. The nature of the endemic elements is briefly discussed. Evidence is given to show that the forests are subject to increasing pressure from legal and illegal encroachment due to agriculture (tea, cardamon, subsistence) and forestry timber operations. Air photograph analysis shows a forest decrease of some 50% in the vicinity of Amani from 1954 to 1976. The low conservation status of most forest reserves and the lack of detailed knowledge on the distribution, status and biology of the endemic species means present conservation efforts are poor and haphazard. This review calls for greatly increased research inputs and a complete halt to all exploitation of natural forest areas until a long term conservation land use plan can be implemented. 相似文献
114.
The behavior of orang-utans (Pongo pygmaeus)was observed in two captive groups (one adult group, one juvenile group). Activity profiles,animal interactions, and compartmental spatial use for both adult-group and juvenile-group individuals were recorded over
a 9-month period. Behavioral repertoires for both groups included large amounts of social activity. Equivalent amounts of
social activity were found for each group. The social behavior of juvenile animals involved more active behavior such as play.
The social behavior of the adult animals was more subtle, involving social monitoring and allogrooming. These results indicate
that orangutans, at least when group-living in captivity, exhibit the potential to display social behavior which is apparently
of greater frequency and complexity than that which has been observed in the wild. These findings suggest that the solitary
behavior of wild orangutans is not a necessary characteristic of orangutan behavior. Under different environmental conditions
orangutans appear to readily adapt socially, and, like other nonhuman primates,they have the capacity to exhibit complex and subtle social behavior.
This report is based on part of a senior thesis submitted by Sara D. Edwards 相似文献
115.
We examined the survival of a host Escherichia coli K-12 bacterium containing two transferable plasmids (pLM2, pSL222-4) and one poorly mobilizable plasmid (pBR322), and the transfer of these three plasmids to endogenous bacteria in the human intestinal tract. The survival of this plasmid-carrying host organism in four human volunteers was 3.5 to 6 days at recovery rates of 10?1 to 10?4. This finding was similar to our previous survival data on the same organism bearing a single plasmid. The K-12 strain appeared to be under a strong selective disadvantage in the human gut, since, even when bearing a tetracycline-resistant plasmid, its titer did not increase despite the administration of tetracycline. Studies of transferability showed that, while the transfer-depressed incFII plasmid pSL222-4 transferred at a frequency of 10?1 in culture, its transfer in the human gut was much less frequent. The number of new recipients per donor cell ingested was about 10?5, which included new recipients arising by multiplication. The recovery of pSL222-4 transcipients was enhanced by the administration of tetracycline on day 6. Neither the transfer-repressed, broad host range incP plasmid pLM2, nor the plasmid pBR322, could be detected in any endogenous host bacteria. Using the transfer and mobilization frequencies obtained in culture and the number of new recipients of pSL222-4 in the intestinal tract, we estimated that any in vivo mobilization of pBR322 to a new recipient could not occur at a frequency higher than 10?12. 相似文献
116.
E. B. Sansone A. M. Losikoff W. B. Lebherz III J. A. Poiley 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》1981,17(9):811-815
Summary To estimate worker exposures to, and environmental contamination from, test chemicals and organic solvents used in an in vitro
assay to assess the carcinogenic potential of chemicals, sodium fluorescein, a noncarcinogenic fluorescent material, was dissolved
in tissue culture medium used to maintain early passage hamster embryo cells. Personal and environmental samples were taken
over a 14-d period. The assay was performed according to standard procedures in a ventilated glove box or laminar flow safety
cabinet. Considerably more than 99% of the chemical contamination found was recovered from the interiors of the glove box
and hood and from disposable equipment. Contamination outside the containment units (less than 1 μg) resulted from intralaboratory
transport of chemicals, treated cultures, and contaminated equipment. We conclude that the standard operating practices and
procedures provided adequate safeguards for personnel and the environment.
Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute under Contract N01-CO-75380, with Litton Bionetics, Inc. 相似文献
117.
A. K. JAFRI SALEEM MUSTAFA ISHRAQ AHMAD 《Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society》1978,64(2):107-110
Investigations were made on the existence of size-hierarchy in specimens of Esomus danricus (Ham.) belonging to the same year-class, and the variations in condition factor of the different size-groups. Divergence in the growth rates of individual fish resulted in the development of size-hierarchy in the population. Marked changes seemed to occur in condition factor of the different size-groups. A multitude of factors operating simultaneously in the pond environment appeared to govern the condition factor of fish. 相似文献
118.
单纯形加速法拟合生态学中的非线性模型 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
本文以Logistic模型,Taylor幂法则模型,Holling功能反应模型,以及种群内禀增长力Rm等模型的拟合和参数估计为例,探讨单纯形加速法在生态模型优化拟合和参数估计中的应用.结果表明,单纯形加速法拟合生态学中的非线性模型不仅适用广泛,而且拟合过程是直接求原来非线性模型的最优拟合,因而优于生态学中通常使用的将原模型“线性化后再拟合”的方法,而与其它一些最优化方法,如:麦夸方法、枚举选优法等比较,由于单纯形法不需计算目标函数的偏导数,因而计算不受目标函数及其偏导函数复杂程度的限制,而且对于各种模型其求优计算过程十分相似,可以编制统一的计算程序.本研究所编制的计算机程序对于本文未提到的其它一些模型也是完全适用的,在应用时仅需修改定义目标函数的自定义函数语句即可.研究也发现,在求优过程中,只要搜索系数选择适当和实际数据合理,是可以保证寻优成功的. 相似文献
119.
生物群落的生态稳定性 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3
1.生物群落生态稳定的概念从生态学意义看,生物群落是稳定的,就是指它在相当长的一段时间内保持其中各种群数目不变,意即一方面,任何一个种群的数量不会少到能繁衍后代,乃致绝灭,另一 相似文献
120.
李凤民;苗云;张振万 《武汉植物学研究》1991,9(1):75-80
本文提出了一种植物生态学数学模型参数估计的新方法——线性规划法,并结合最小二乘法对模型参数的估计进行了实例分析。认为某种程度上前者更优于后者。是一种值得进一步研究的方法。 相似文献